Written by: Ahmed El Folly
Edited by: Sofia Gagarin and Aleeza H
Overview
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a cardiovascular disease situated in the coronary arteries, which are the vital arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to the heart, and contain a buildup of plaque. Although arteries are smooth and elastic, the build up of plaque causes distortion in their shape, allowing for the arteries to narrow; in turn reducing the blood flow to the heart. Without sufficient blood flow, the heart's access to oxygen and nutrients suffer. Left unrecognized or untreated, the plaque could block off entire arteries, allowing for complications such as heart attacks or sudden cardiac death.
Symptoms
At first, the narrowed arteries may not result in any symptoms. However, over time, as plaque builds up, the following symptoms may develop: Chest pain (angina) or pain in the back, jaw pain, neck pain, shoulder pain, and arm pain. Patients may also exhibit shortness of breath as a result of the heart’s inability to pump enough blood. Finally, a coronary artery that is completely blocked can lead to a heart attack.
Causes & Risk Factors
The disease primarily develops due to damage to the inner layer of a coronary artery. Smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or insulin resistance, and a sedentary lifestyle are all factors in developing the disease. Other risk factors may include: age, unhealthy diet, high levels of stress, obesity, alcohol use, and autoimmune diseases.
Prevention
The most effective way to avoid coronary artery disease is to lead a healthy, active lifestyle. Doing this will ensure strong, healthy, and clear arteries. A healthy active lifestyle entails staying physically active, quitting smoking, eating a low fat diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and reducing stress.
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References
“Coronary Artery Disease.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 5 June 2020, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613.
“Coronary Artery Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications.” WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/heart-disease-coronary-artery-disease#1.